Live Your Best Lives
Although Meng Yuan is strong and is a good hand in the country, he does not have good genes to sit on the country. From Kublai Khan to the establishment of the Great Yuan Dynasty in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), less than a hundred years later, many peasant uprisings broke out in various places in the tenth year of Yuan Huizong's Zhizheng (1350). One of them was initiated by the White Lotus Sect, but in the end it was taken over by Zhu Yuanzhang as the climate. Zhu Yuanzhang first grew stronger in the south, and after gaining the general trend, he began the Northern Expedition in the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng (1367). In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne in Yingtianfu (now Nanjing), for Emperor Gao, with the country name Daming and the era name Hongwu. At that time, the general Xu Da attacked the city of Dadu, and Yuan Huizong opened the back door and fled without a fight. Zhu Yuanzhang believed that this Yuan Huizong did not oppose the heavenly army and fled north to the capital in time, which was a move to comply with the mandate of heaven, so he posthumously honored him as "Shun", which is the reason why later generations called the last Yuan emperor Huizong Yuanshun Emperor. From the founding of the Yuan Dynasty in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty to the 28th year of Zhizheng, a total of 97 years lasted. From Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, to Emperor Huizong of the Yuan Dynasty, a total of eleven Mongols have served as emperors. The Yuan Dynasty was the largest period of China's territory at that time, and its culture also developed greatly, and overseas trade flourished. However, the royal family's awareness of integrating into the Han nation was not implemented by the nobility, resulting in its fall in less than a hundred years, and it was a short-lived dynasty in Chinese history.
After Xu Da took over the Yuan capital, he inspected the occupied area and found that the northern city was quite barren, and there was nothing to worry about. He decided to build a new north city wall from Chongren Gate (Dongzhimen) to Heyi Gate (Xizhimen) as a defense against the inner city of the Yuan army, and it was also counted as the inner city wall in the north. Not only did he build a new north wall, but Xu Da also built bricks outside the rammed earth of the four walls of the inner city to strengthen the defense of the wall. Before the Ming Dynasty, the city walls were mostly earthen cities, and since the Ming Dynasty, bricks have been built outside the earthen walls. The famous ancient city of Pingyao in Shanxi is also a brick wall in the Ming Dynasty, and the best-preserved ancient city wall is Xi'an, and the Xi'an city wall is also a brick built in the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang renamed the capital of the Yuan Dynasty to Beiping Prefecture and became the emperor in Nanjing for the rest of his life. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died and was buried in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing, with the temple name Taizu. Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest son died early, so he passed the throne to his eldest grandson Zhu Yunwen, for Huizong, because of the era name Jianwen, also called Emperor Jianwen. When Emperor Jianwen came to power, he cut the feudal lords and demoted a group of kings named by Zhu Yuanzhang. When it was the turn of the King of Yan to cut Zhu Di, Zhu Di quit, and he used the excuse of "Qing Jun's side" to lead his troops to the capital. After Zhu Di captured the capital, Emperor Jianwen lost contact, and of course Zhu Di dragged the dragon chair roasted by the fire and sat on it. After Zhu Di sat down, he changed his era name and became the Yongle Emperor, which was the first year of Yongle (1402). In the third year of Yongle, Zhu Di renamed Peiping Beijing.
Although Zhu Di ascended the throne, he felt that he was surrounded by Emperor Jianwen's minions, and although Emperor Jianwen was missing, his ghost lingered. There is no way, Zhu Di built a factory called "East Factory", and the products manufactured by the East Factory are cases, which seem to often create unjust cases, and do not solve the problem of Zhu Di's neurasthenia that does not sleep well at night. Therefore, Zhu Di began to plan to move the capital to Beijing from the fourth year of Yongle. Why moved the capital to Beijing? Since Zhu Yuanzhang was crowned King of Yan in the third year of Hongwu, and in the thirteenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Di has been operating in Beiping for decades. His family and relatives have developed mansions in Peiping, and he has many henchmen in Peiping, and he is also controlled by cronies in the local area, which is very conducive to consolidating his position.
There is also an oral history that says that when Zhu Di was made King of Yan, before leaving for Peiping from Nanjing, the master Liu Bowen instructed him to go to Tanzhe Temple to find another master, Yao Guangxiao, and asked him to assist the King of Yan. When Zhu Di arrived in Peiping, he really visited Yao Guangxiao, who was waiting for him in the Tanzhe Temple every day, and Yao Guangxiao took Zhu Di to climb an unnamed high ground outside the temple, where the two had a code and planned to set up the Ming capital at the foot of the mountain in the future. Later generations renamed the nameless highland Dingdu Peak, and in recent years, a building was built on the top of the mountain for the development of tourism, called Dingdu Pavilion. This is the following one.
This is complete nonsense. Yao Guangxiao became a monk in Jiangnan when he was young, and later followed the old Taoist to learn yin and yang, and when Zhu Yuanzhang selected monks from Jiangnan, he was selected from Jiangnan to enter the palace because he belonged to the Confucian monks. Later, he was appointed by Zhu Yuanzhang to go to Peiping with Zhu Di, and chanted scriptures for Empress Ma, who died early, sooner or later. Yao Guangxiao did not live in Tanzhe Temple at all in Peking, which was too far from Zhu Di's Yan Wangfu. He lived in Qingshou Temple, a famous temple in the Jin Yuan, as the abbot. Qingshou Temple is on the west side of the current telegraph building, and the original twin towers were demolished when Chang'an Street was expanded. Zhu Di's move to Peiping must have had Yao Guangxiao at work, but not in the so-called Dingdu Peak, but in the Yan Wangfu, where Yao Guangxiao often went.
When Zhu Di established Beijing as the capital, the city wall of Beijing was still built by Xu Da during the Hongwu period. The north city wall has shrunk to the south, and there are still only two city gates, the Anding Gate facing Anzhen Gate on the east side, and the Desheng Gate on the west side facing Jiande Gate.
In 1915, the Nationalist Government built the Beijing Ring Railway, starting from Xizhimen along the north city wall along Deshengmen, Andingmen, Dongzhimen, Chaoyangmen to Dongbianmen to connect the Beijing-Fengfeng Railway until it was demolished in 1971. Anding Gate and Deshengmen were partially demolished during the construction of the ring railway. In 1956, when the city wall was demolished, the Andingmen Arrow Tower was demolished, and in 1969, when the Ring Line subway was built, the Andingmen Tower was demolished, and the Andingmen Gate has now disappeared. In the past, Andingmen was the gate of the victorious army to return to the city, and the dung truck was carried on weekdays, when Beijing's feces and urine center was outside Andingmen, and now it has moved to the Xiaocun Bridge outside the South Fourth Ring Road, and as soon as it arrives near Xiaocun Bridge, it will smell a strong smell of the center.
The tower of Deshengmen was demolished in 1921. In 1980, the Deshengmen Arrow Tower and a section of the urn city wall were repaired once, and now we still see the appearance of the arrow tower of the Ming Dynasty. The bricks, tiles, and wooden structures that can be seen are all new, and only the rammed earth in the pulp is still from the Ming Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the eleven city gates in Beijing were arrow towers and gatehouses together. During the reign of Emperor Huizong at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, in order to prevent the peasant army from easily attacking the city, Emperor Shun of Yuanshun strengthened the surrounding walls and built urn cities at each city gate. As a result, Emperor Yuanshun did not make full use of these strong fortifications and retreated without a fight. When Xu Da built the inner city wall, he followed the form of the Yuan city gate and still built the urn city.
Look at the arrow tower that has been re-oiled in recent years, it is very beautiful.
The small room below is the Guandi Temple in the former urn city.
There is a temple in the urn city at the inner gate of Beijing, and this temple is all Guandi Temple, Only Anding Gate is the Zhenwu Temple. When Deshengmen was repaired in 1980, although the entire urn city was not restored, the Guandi Temple was rebuilt, which is now an exhibition of ancient coins. The door of Guandi Temple is now the gate of the Deshengmen scenic spot, and I met an expert from the Cultural Management Office at the door, and we stood outside the door together and smoked a bag of cigarettes, and he told me that the door pier below was the original of the Ming Dynasty. When the Guandi Temple was demolished, it was finally preserved.
Go in and see the Guandi Temple.
According to experts, when Deshengmen was repaired in 1980, the small temple was completely dilapidated, The statue of Guan Gong inside was thrown outside the door and lay on the ground. Forty years later, this small temple should be repaired again, and now it is closed to guests. Although it is a small temple, it must be rebuilt as it is.
From the outside, the main hall is three rooms wide and two rooms deep, with a hugging building in front. The main hall is a gray tile single-eaves resting on the top of the mountain, and the building is a roll shed on the top of the hard mountain. This main hall is in the style of the Qing Dynasty and must have been rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. The mountain flower plane composed of its front and rear vertical ridges is basically perpendicular to the ground, so the ridges are very long. In the Qing Dynasty, there were usually eaves under such roofs, but there were noneaves here, so there must be eaves under the ridges.
There are side halls on the east and west sides of the main hall.
There is actually a bell and drum tower in front of the side hall, which is really a small sparrow with all five organs. The bell and drum tower here is too small, and the sound must not be heard far. Go to the side to climb the arrow tower.
Don't look at the wall as an arc, it has nothing to do with the original urn city, it is like an ear and eye. This is the west, and there is also such an ear and eye in the east. There is a sign of the national key cultural relics protection unit at the door, the sixth batch. There is a small courtyard next to it, which should be the soldiers' barracks in the urn city back then.
Look at the hard mountain top of the hut, which is one of the most common roofs of Beijing houses, Only brick carvings and dripping water can show that this is an official house.
Deshengmen should have a horse road, but there is no one here. Climbing the city wall, the first thing you see is two iron cannons.
In the early years, it was said that soldiers came here at noon every day. This is not because there are bandits attacking at noon every day, but the time cannon, and the Xuanwu Gate in the south also fires such a cannon. The people of the north and south cities don't care what brand of clock they have at home, they have to rely on this cannon to match the time.
The arrow towers at the inner city gates of Beijing are almost the same, and they are all in this structure. The top of the mountain is a three-story building, with one floor between the two eaves above, and five three-story closed buildings behind. Those gun holes were first equipped with arrows and crossbows, and later fire guns, as well as machine guns. Although these weapons are not accurate enough, the enemy cannot withstand their saturated shooting, and the general bandits who attack the city are almost accepted when they see it.
Take off your hat and look up at the eaves, the roof of the arrow tower is a bucket arch structure. The lower floor of the arrow tower and the roof of the building are beam frame structures.
I went downstairs and went to see the stone monument in front of the Guandi Temple.
The handwriting on both sides of this stele is completely destroyed, and a chessboard is carved on the front, It means that it has been put down as board game equipment. The handwriting on both sides of the stele cap is still very clear, with the front "Reconstruction of the High Emperor's Temple" and the back "Eternal Fragrance". The past emperor Gao was Guan Gong, which was a merit monument erected in the twenty-first year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1797). This stele was carved by experts before it was destroyed, and there are very clear rubbings in existence.
There was once a monument in the urn city of Deshengmen, which predates the merit monument above. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1748), a Qianlong imperial poem stele was erected in the urn city of Deshengmen. In the spring of the first year, Qianlong returned to the city from the Imperial Garden (not to say whether it was the Old Summer Palace or the Changchun Garden) and passed by Deshengmen, and after returning to the palace, he sent a sigh and wrote a crooked poem. The level of Qianlong's poetry is superior today, and at that time it was probably the same as Xiangling in "Dream of Red Mansions". This poem is engraved on the imperial poetry stele in the urn city of Deshengmen, and a stele pavilion was also built, which is also called the Yellow Pavilion. This yellow pavilion and the imperial poetry monument inside have been destroyed, and some people have seen the rubble after the stele was smashed. It may be that Qianlong's poem is too much, it has existed for more than 200 years, and there are not even rubbings left, of course, I have not seen any stele or rubbings in Deshengmen.
The source of Deshengmen should be the ancient respect for one virtue and one virtue, "more help in the way, less help in the lost". The Ming army boasted of being a "moral teacher", and when they went out, they shouted "the moral army will win", and then walked out of the city from this gate.
There was originally a gate tower on the east and west sides outside the city gate, which was the driver's cab for operating the suspension bridge on the moat, which was demolished when the ring railway was built. The moat outside the arrow tower is still there.
After crossing the suspension bridge, you really go out of the city, and after leaving the city, you have to go back and say goodbye to your father and fellow villagers. At that time, the Ming army did not have a military song, and when they set off in formation, they must have sang the song "Horsehide wrapped in the corpse should swear to oneself, and the moth eyebrows should not be repeated". Just walking through the road below, it is still the old stone of the past.
To the west of Deshengmen is a city gate in the northwest corner of the inner city, which was called Heyi Gate in the Yuan Dynasty. After Zhu Di established the capital in Beijing, it was renamed Xizhimen. Xizhimen is the water gate, from which the water of the capital enters the city and then into the water pool. The water used in the palace also enters the city from here, and the water is taken from Yuquan Mountain to the palace every day.
From Xizhimen to the south is the Pingzemen of the Yuan Dynasty. "Fairness" means "fairness of the law". In the past, the Mongols did not even have words, let alone laws. Genghis Khan used the stones of his mountain to create the Mongolian script, and used his instructions as a "great decree", called "Great Kongsa". The laws of the Yuan Dynasty were in chaos, with Tang law content and Song law forms, but they did not take shape. Kublai Khan named this door a rule of equality, which shows his pursuit of establishing a formal legal system.
Even if some of the city gates that have been demolished in Beijing have been repaired and restored, they all lack a very important component, that is, the door plaque, and there is no door plaque on the Desheng Gate arrow tower above. These door plaques have been lost, only the stone carved door plaque of the Pingzemen has been preserved, and now the Wuta Temple in the north of the zoo is the following one.
You can also see that the inscription on it is "Hongwu Six Years". It was not until the fourth year of orthodoxy (1439) that Zhu Qizhen of Ming Yingzong changed Pingzemen to Fuchengmen, and this "Fu" should be pronounced in the fourth sound, but the Beijing dialect was pronounced in the third sound. Fucheng comes from the "Shangshu Zhou Guan" "The six ministers are divided, each leading their own subordinates, in order to advocate the nine pastures, and Fucheng is the people". It means to make the people rich and stable. Fucheng Gate is the gate for transporting coal, and the coal produced in Mentougou in western Beijing usually enters the city through this gate.
These speak of the gate on the west wall of the inner city, and there is also a door on the east wall. Starting from the north, the first is Dongzhimen facing Xizhimen. Dongzhimen was called Chongrenmen in the Yuan Dynasty, and it was renamed Dongzhimen in the seventeenth year of Yongle after Zhu Di established Beijing. It began to be demolished in 1915 when the ring railway was built, and in 1958 it was basically completely demolished. There used to be many brick and tile factories outside Dongzhimen, and timber transported from the south also came here into the city, so the ancient Dongzhimen used building materials. Now there is a fairly large building materials city near Dongzhimen.
The meaning of Dongzhimen and Xizhimen is unclear, some people say that it is because the Ming Dynasty is vast, directly to the East China Sea in the east, and directly to Kunlun in the west, so it is called Dongzhimen Xizhimen. This statement has no research and cannot even be used for reference.
Dongzhimen is the Chaoyang Gate, Chaoyang Gate is a very important gate, it was used for grain and grass in ancient times, including the officials' five dou of rice salary. Now some place names in Chaoyangmen also have the words Maritime Warehouse and Lu Rice Warehouse, which are the granaries of the year. Chaoyang Gate was called Qihua Gate in the Yuan Dynasty, and was renamed Chaoyang Gate after the reconstruction of the nine gates of the inner city during the Ming Dynasty. Chaoyangmen is named because it is facing the direction in which the sun rises. When I went to Spain, I saw a Plaza del Sol in Madrid, which was the Puerta del Sol in the city of Madrid, and was named because it was facing the direction of the sun. The royal palaces of France and Italy have king's suites, and the windows of the king's bedroom in them are all facing east, and they are in the center of the second floor of the palace.
Zhu Di set the capital in Beijing and built the imperial palace, and then found that the new imperial palace was too close to the south city wall. In the fifteenth year of Yongle, he began to relocate the south city wall, moving this section of the city wall from the front line of Chang'an Street to its current location. After the south wall of the Yuan Dynasty moved south from west to east Shunchengmen, Lizheng Gate and Wenming Gate, it was renamed Xuanwu Gate, Zhengyang Gate and Chongwen Gate. In the Yuan Dynasty, the city wall from Shuncheng Gate to Lizheng Gate was not a straight line, but protruded outward, because it was necessary to enclose the Qingshou Temple in the current Xidan place. Why, you ask? That's because Kublai Khan wanted to keep Qingshou Temple for Yao Guangxiao to live in.
look at the door on the south wall of the inner city, and listen to the next breakdown.
Number of days: 1 day, Average cost: 120 yuan,
Number of days：3 days, Average cost: 2000 yuan,
Number of days: 1 day, Average cost: 333 yuan,
Number of days：3 days, Average cost: 1,000 yuan, Updated: 2020.07.24
Number of days:1 day, , Updated: 2022.07.14
Number of days: 1 day, Average cost: 150 yuan, Updated: 2022.07.31
